Indonesian National Movement: History and 5 Early Organizations Involved

The national movement in Indonesia is the collective effort of the people to liberate themselves from colonial rule through various means. The methods varied from education, organization, politics, to diplomacy. Defined by Hasnawati T., SPd in the History Module for Grade XI KD 3.10 (Directorate of High School, Ministry of Education), the national movement is the emergence of national consciousness and the collective struggle of the Indonesian people to achieve independence. This shift in the pattern of struggle indicates that Indonesians began to realize the importance of modern organizations as tools for national liberation, rather than relying solely on physical strength.